선비족에서 시작한 독고 성씨에 대한 모든 것
The Surname Dokgo: From Xianbei Origins to Modern Korea
Dugu(獨孤,독고씨) was a Chinese compound surname of Xianbei/Xiongnu origin. It is unclear if there are still Chinese people with the surname today, but there is a small Korean population (Namwon Dokgo clan) with this surname (pronounced Dokgo or Dokko (독고) in Korean) in North Korea, mainly in Ryongchon County and Uiju County near the Chinese border.
주변에 독고라는 성씨를 가진 사람은 좀처럼 보기 힘들다. 稀姓임에도 선우, 남궁씨 처럼 두글자 성씨라는 특수성 때문에 한국인에게 잘 알려져 있다. 독고씨는 독고성과 그의 아들 독고영재(사실 본명은 전영재)라는 배우 때문에 더 익숙한 성씨가 아닐까 싶다. 통계청 자료에 따르면 2015년 현재 한국의 독고씨는 502명이다. - 통계청 자료(성씨·본관별 인구 5인 이상 - 전국)
독고씨라는 성씨의 유래가 궁금해진 것은 동방견문록을 읽으면서 지명을 검색하는데 카타이라는 지역명의 설명 내에 獨孤라는 익숙한 성씨를 우연찮게 보면서이다. 독고씨에 대한 이야기를 찾아 본 자료를 두서없이 정리하였다. 검색과정을 쓴 것이라고 보아도 되겠다.
유럽 중세시기에 중국 북부를 일컫는 지명 중에 Touba(투오바), Cathay(Catai, 카타이)라는 지명이 있다. 우리가 잘 아는 거란족을 일컫는 말인데 투오바는 Tabgach(拓跋)을 의미하고 Cathay는 Khitan(契丹)을 말한다. - Wikipedia
이 거란은 선비의 일족인데 여기에서 독고에 대한 설명이 나온다. - Wikipedia
Xianbei(선비, 鮮卑)는 북중국과 몽골 일대에 살아가던 민족인데 몽고의 원류(proto-mogols)로서 가장 큰 노마드 집단의 하나로 볼 수 있다.
선비의 역사는 길지만 독고씨가 기록된 시기와 관련해 보자면 삼국시대부터 살펴보는 것이 좋겠다. 한나라 말기 이민족이 크게 성장하였다. 삼국시대에 접어 들며 각 국이 이민족을 정벌해 나갔지만 사마염의 晉이 삼국을 통일한 후 다시 이민족이 화북일대를 장악한다. 5호 16국 시대라고 부르는 이 시대에 이민족의 왕조가 차례로 세워졌다. 가장 먼저 세워진 나라는 흉노 유연의 漢이지만魏를 세운 한족 출신 염민은 이민족에 대한 반감을 이용해 이민족을 살육하는데 20만이상이 희생하였다. 흉노 등 이민족이 힘을 잃었다.
이 후, 선비족의 모용씨가 세운 前燕은 한족 사대부를 흡수했고 부견의 前秦도 한족을 중용하는 등 선비족의 한족화가 급속히 진행되었다. 한족의 명문집안과 혼인을 통하여 관계를 맺는 경우가 많이 생겨났다. 효문제 때에는 선비어 사용과 호족의 성을 사용하지 못하도록 법을 바꾸기도 하였다.
독고성은 중국식 차음으로 獨孤로 기록이 되었다.
선비의 유력가문 중 팔대귀족의 성씨가 있는데 그 중 독고씨도 있다. - wikipedia
남북조시대를 거쳐 수나라로 통일되고 그 후 당으로 이어진다. 계보로 보면 북주에서 수나라로 당나라로 이어지는데 모두 같은 계열의 사람들이라고 볼 수 있다. 북주의 우문씨와 수를 건국한 양견과 당을 건국한 이연의 세력기반은 모두 내몽골지역으로 최변방인 무천진 군벌 출신이다.
당시 무천진에서 함께 동거동락하던 사람이 당고조 이연의 할아버지인 이호(李虎)와 우문태의 사돈인 독고신(獨孤新)도 있었다. 수양제 양견의 아버지 양충은 독고신의 아래에 있는 대장군이었다.
이후 독고씨에서 여러명의 황후가 나온다. 중국인에게 독고씨는 여러며의 독고황후 들로 널리 알려져 있다.
우문태가 북주를 세우기 전에 독고신은 친구인 우문태의 장남(후에 명제)에게 맏딸을 시집보내어 독고 신은 북주 황제의 장인이 되었다. 일곱째 딸은 나중에 수나라를 세운 문제의 부인이 되었다. 그녀가 유명한 문헌황후(文獻皇后 獨孤伽羅, 543년 ~ 602년)다. 독고신은 죽은 후 수나라 황제의 장인까지 되었던 셈이다. 네번째 딸은 당나라를 세운 이연의 어머니다. 독고신은 당나라 황제의 외조부까지 되었다. 이렇게 보면 독고씨는 중국의 상당기간을 최고위에 있었다.(독고 자매 관계도는 매우 흥미롭다.) - wikipedia
한족과 선비족간의 결합으로 3개의 큰 왕조를 이끈 것이 독고씨라고 볼 수 있다. 반대로 보자면, 한족과 결혼 등의 많은 관계를 맺으면서 독고씨를 포함한 선비족 상위계층은 급속히 한족 사회에 편입되거나 동화되었다고도 하겠다.
현재 독고성은 한글자 성으로 바뀌거나 유씨성으로 바꾸었기 때문에 중국에서는 거의 찾아 볼 수 없다. - wikipedia, baidu 사전
앞서 밝힌대로 현재 남한에 500여명이 남아 있다. 1930년 국세조사 당시 독고씨는 90% 이상이 남한보다는 북한에 살았다는 기록으로 추측컨데 북한에 많은 독고씨가 있을 것으로 보인다. 다만 2008년까지 이루어진 북한 통계에서 본관, 성씨별 자료는 제공되지 않고 있다. - 통계청 북한통계
해방 이전에 의주와 룡성에 집성촌을 형성하고 있었으므로 지금도 많은 수가 중국과 국경지역에 살고 있을 것으로 보인다.
한국에 여러지역을 본관으로 하는 독고가 있으나 남원 독고씨 이외에는 선조에 대해 밝혀져 있지 않다.
독고씨가 선비에서 나온 성은 맞으나 시조를 비정할 수 없어서 그런 것으로 보인다. - 남원독고씨 족보
우리나라 독고씨의 역사적 인물로는 다음과 같은 인물이 있다.
현대 유명인으로는 다음과 같은 인물이 있다.
독고씨 외에 모씨, 석씨, 원씨 등도 선비에서 왔다는 설이 있다. - wikipedia
주변에 독고라는 성씨를 가진 사람은 좀처럼 보기 힘들다. 稀姓임에도 선우, 남궁씨 처럼 두글자 성씨라는 특수성 때문에 한국인에게 잘 알려져 있다. 독고씨는 독고성과 그의 아들 독고영재(사실 본명은 전영재)라는 배우 때문에 더 익숙한 성씨가 아닐까 싶다. 통계청 자료에 따르면 2015년 현재 한국의 독고씨는 502명이다. - 통계청 자료(성씨·본관별 인구 5인 이상 - 전국)
독고씨라는 성씨의 유래가 궁금해진 것은 동방견문록을 읽으면서 지명을 검색하는데 카타이라는 지역명의 설명 내에 獨孤라는 익숙한 성씨를 우연찮게 보면서이다. 독고씨에 대한 이야기를 찾아 본 자료를 두서없이 정리하였다. 검색과정을 쓴 것이라고 보아도 되겠다.
유럽 중세시기에 중국 북부를 일컫는 지명 중에 Touba(투오바), Cathay(Catai, 카타이)라는 지명이 있다. 우리가 잘 아는 거란족을 일컫는 말인데 투오바는 Tabgach(拓跋)을 의미하고 Cathay는 Khitan(契丹)을 말한다. - Wikipedia
이 거란은 선비의 일족인데 여기에서 독고에 대한 설명이 나온다. - Wikipedia
Tuoba, also known as the Taugast or Tabgach (Tabgaç), was a clan of the Xianbei in ancient China.
Xianbei(선비, 鮮卑)는 북중국과 몽골 일대에 살아가던 민족인데 몽고의 원류(proto-mogols)로서 가장 큰 노마드 집단의 하나로 볼 수 있다.
선비의 역사는 길지만 독고씨가 기록된 시기와 관련해 보자면 삼국시대부터 살펴보는 것이 좋겠다. 한나라 말기 이민족이 크게 성장하였다. 삼국시대에 접어 들며 각 국이 이민족을 정벌해 나갔지만 사마염의 晉이 삼국을 통일한 후 다시 이민족이 화북일대를 장악한다. 5호 16국 시대라고 부르는 이 시대에 이민족의 왕조가 차례로 세워졌다. 가장 먼저 세워진 나라는 흉노 유연의 漢이지만魏를 세운 한족 출신 염민은 이민족에 대한 반감을 이용해 이민족을 살육하는데 20만이상이 희생하였다. 흉노 등 이민족이 힘을 잃었다.
이 후, 선비족의 모용씨가 세운 前燕은 한족 사대부를 흡수했고 부견의 前秦도 한족을 중용하는 등 선비족의 한족화가 급속히 진행되었다. 한족의 명문집안과 혼인을 통하여 관계를 맺는 경우가 많이 생겨났다. 효문제 때에는 선비어 사용과 호족의 성을 사용하지 못하도록 법을 바꾸기도 하였다.
독고성은 중국식 차음으로 獨孤로 기록이 되었다.
Change of Xianbei names to Han names
The change of Xianbei family names to Han names was part of a larger sinicization campaign. It was at its peak intensity under Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei dynasty in 496.
Background
To formalize sinification, a number of actions were taken prior to the name changes.
- In 493 the capital was moved to Luoyang, closer to the agricultural Han and away from the nomadic roots.
- In 494 nomadic style clothing were abandoned.
- In 495 nomadic languages at court were abandoned.
선비의 유력가문 중 팔대귀족의 성씨가 있는데 그 중 독고씨도 있다. - wikipedia
Most Xianbei clans adopted Han family names during Northern Wei Dynasty. Below is a list of the Xianbei clans that are known to have been changed into Han family names.
The Northern Wei's Eight Noble Xianbei surnames 八大贵族 were the Buliugu 步六孤, Helai 賀賴, Dugu 獨孤, Helou 賀樓, Huniu 忽忸, Qiumu 丘穆, Gexi 紇奚, and Yuchi 尉遲.
남북조시대를 거쳐 수나라로 통일되고 그 후 당으로 이어진다. 계보로 보면 북주에서 수나라로 당나라로 이어지는데 모두 같은 계열의 사람들이라고 볼 수 있다. 북주의 우문씨와 수를 건국한 양견과 당을 건국한 이연의 세력기반은 모두 내몽골지역으로 최변방인 무천진 군벌 출신이다.
당시 무천진에서 함께 동거동락하던 사람이 당고조 이연의 할아버지인 이호(李虎)와 우문태의 사돈인 독고신(獨孤新)도 있었다. 수양제 양견의 아버지 양충은 독고신의 아래에 있는 대장군이었다.
이후 독고씨에서 여러명의 황후가 나온다. 중국인에게 독고씨는 여러며의 독고황후 들로 널리 알려져 있다.
우문태가 북주를 세우기 전에 독고신은 친구인 우문태의 장남(후에 명제)에게 맏딸을 시집보내어 독고 신은 북주 황제의 장인이 되었다. 일곱째 딸은 나중에 수나라를 세운 문제의 부인이 되었다. 그녀가 유명한 문헌황후(文獻皇后 獨孤伽羅, 543년 ~ 602년)다. 독고신은 죽은 후 수나라 황제의 장인까지 되었던 셈이다. 네번째 딸은 당나라를 세운 이연의 어머니다. 독고신은 당나라 황제의 외조부까지 되었다. 이렇게 보면 독고씨는 중국의 상당기간을 최고위에 있었다.(독고 자매 관계도는 매우 흥미롭다.) - wikipedia
Dugu sisters
The Dugu sisters were part-Xianbei, part-Han Chinese sisters of the Dugu clan who lived in the Western Wei (535–557), Northern Zhou (557–581) and Sui (581–618) dynasties. All were daughters of the Western Wei general Dugu Xin. The eldest sister became a Northern Zhou empress, the seventh sister became a Sui dynasty empress, and the fourth sister was posthumously honored as an empress during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The seventh sister Dugu Qieluo, in particular, was one of the most influential women in Chinese history, owing to her closeness to her husband Yang Jian (Emperor Wen of Sui) throughout their 45-year monogamous marriage.
현재 독고성은 한글자 성으로 바뀌거나 유씨성으로 바꾸었기 때문에 중국에서는 거의 찾아 볼 수 없다. - wikipedia, baidu 사전
Dugu (獨孤) -> Liu (劉)
独孤一族为当时鲜卑贵族最显赫的八大姓之一 。现多简化为单字“独”姓或转化为刘姓。
앞서 밝힌대로 현재 남한에 500여명이 남아 있다. 1930년 국세조사 당시 독고씨는 90% 이상이 남한보다는 북한에 살았다는 기록으로 추측컨데 북한에 많은 독고씨가 있을 것으로 보인다. 다만 2008년까지 이루어진 북한 통계에서 본관, 성씨별 자료는 제공되지 않고 있다. - 통계청 북한통계
해방 이전에 의주와 룡성에 집성촌을 형성하고 있었으므로 지금도 많은 수가 중국과 국경지역에 살고 있을 것으로 보인다.
Dugu (獨孤) was a Chinese compound surname of Xianbei/Xiongnu origin. It is unclear if there are still Chinese people with the surname today, but there is a small Korean population (Namwon Dokgo clan) with this surname (pronounced Dokgo or Dokko (독고) in Korean) in North Korea, mainly in Ryongchon County and Uiju County near the Chinese border.
한국에 여러지역을 본관으로 하는 독고가 있으나 남원 독고씨 이외에는 선조에 대해 밝혀져 있지 않다.
독고씨가 선비에서 나온 성은 맞으나 시조를 비정할 수 없어서 그런 것으로 보인다. - 남원독고씨 족보
우리나라 독고씨의 역사적 인물로는 다음과 같은 인물이 있다.
- 독고충(獨孤忠) : 고려 명종 때 합문지후(閤門祗候)
- 독고립(獨孤立) : 조선 중기의 무신. 군자감판관을 지냈으며, 정묘호란이 일어나자 의주성의 남문을 지켰다. 밤에 적병이 습격하여오는 소리를 듣고 문루에 올라가 무수한 적을 사살하고 화살이 다 떨어지자 백병전을 전개하여 100여명을 죽였다. 아버지 독고행, 동생 독고성(成), 아들 독고수(睟)와 함께 항전을 계속하다가 1627년(조선 인조 5년) 모두 장렬하게 전사하였다. 뒤에 호조참의에 추증되었으며, 평안도 의주 구암사(龜巖祠)에 제향되었다.
- 독고성(獨孤成, ？ ~ 1627년) : 조선 중기 무신
- 독고비(獨孤柲) : 조선 후기 무신
현대 유명인으로는 다음과 같은 인물이 있다.
- 독고중훈(獨孤重勳) : 前 선린상사 회장
- 독고영창(獨孤英昌) : 前 고려대학교 의과대학 교수
- 독고윤(獨孤潤) : 아주대학교 경영대학 교수
- 독고석(獨孤晳) : 단국대학교 토목환경공학과 교수
독고씨 외에 모씨, 석씨, 원씨 등도 선비에서 왔다는 설이 있다. - wikipedia
The "Monguor" (Tu) people in modern China may have descended from the Xianbei who were led by Tuyuhun Khan to migrate westward and establish the Tuyuhun Kingdom (284-670) in the third century and Western Xia (1038–1227) through the thirteenth century.[21] Today they are primarily distributed in Qinghai and Gansu Province, and speak a Mongolic language.
The Xibe or "Xibo" people also believe they are descendants of the Xianbei, with considerable controversies that have attributed their origins to the Jurchens, the Elunchun, and the Xianbei.[22][23]
Xianbei descendants among the Korean population carry surnames such as Mo 모 Chinese: 慕; pinyin: mù; Wade–Giles: mu (shortened from Murong), Seok Sŏk Sek 석 Chinese: 石; pinyin: shí; Wade–Giles: shih (shortened from Wushilan 烏石蘭, Won Wŏn 원 Chinese: 元; pinyin: yuán; Wade–Giles: yüan (the adopted Chinese surname of the Tuoba), Dokgo 독고 Chinese: 獨孤; pinyin: Dúgū; Wade–Giles: Tuku (from Dugu).
Dugu (獨孤, Dokgo) is a Chinese compound surname of Xianbei/Xiongnu origin. It is unclear whether there are still Chinese people with this surname today, but a small Korean population (the Namwon Dokgo clan) bearing this surname (pronounced Dokgo or Dokko (독고) in Korean) exists in North Korea, mainly in Ryongchon County and Uiju County near the Chinese border.
It is quite rare to encounter someone with the surname Dokgo. Despite being an uncommon surname, its distinctive two-character structure-like Seonu and Namgung-makes it well-known among Koreans. The surname Dokgo is perhaps more familiar due to the actor Dokgo Sung and his son Dokgo Young-jae (whose real name is Jeon Young-jae). According to Statistics Korea, as of 2015, there were 502 people with the surname Dokgo in South Korea. - Statistics Korea (Population by Surname and Bon-gwan, 5 or More People - Nationwide)
My curiosity about the origins of the Dokgo surname arose while reading the Travels of Marco Polo and searching for place names, where I happened to come across the familiar surname 獨孤 in the description of the region called Cathay. Here, I have compiled various sources on the Dokgo surname in no particular order, essentially documenting my search process.
During the European Middle Ages, there were place names such as Touba (Tuoba) and Cathay (Catai, Khitan) referring to northern China. These terms are associated with the Khitan people, with Tuoba referring to Tabgach (拓跋) and Cathay to Khitan (契丹). - Wikipedia
The Khitan were a branch of the Xianbei, and here is where the explanation of the Dokgo surname appears. - Wikipedia
The Xianbei (선비, 鮮卑) were a people who lived in northern China and Mongolia, considered proto-Mongols and one of the largest nomadic groups.
The history of the Xianbei is long, but regarding the period when the Dokgo surname was recorded, it is appropriate to look from the Three Kingdoms period. At the end of the Han dynasty, non-Han peoples grew in strength. As the Three Kingdoms era began, the kingdoms campaigned against these groups, but after Sima Yan unified the Three Kingdoms under Jin, non-Han peoples once again took control of northern China. This period is known as the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, during which non-Han dynasties were established one after another. The first to be founded was the Han of Liu Yuan of the Xiongnu, but Yan Min, a Han Chinese who established Wei, exploited anti-nomadic sentiment and massacred more than 200,000 non-Han people, weakening the power of groups like the Xiongnu.
Afterwards, the Xianbei Murong clan established Former Yan, absorbing Han Chinese aristocrats, and Fu Jian’s Former Qin also employed Han Chinese, accelerating the Xianbei’s sinicization. Many relationships were formed through intermarriage with prominent Han families. During Emperor Xiaowen’s reign, laws were enacted banning the use of the Xianbei language and nomadic surnames.
The Dokgo surname was recorded as 獨孤, a Chinese transliteration.
Among the influential Xianbei clans, there were eight noble surnames, one of which was Dokgo. - wikipedia
Through the Northern and Southern Dynasties, China was unified under the Sui, followed by the Tang. In terms of lineage, the ruling families of Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang were all from the same background. The power bases of the Yuwen clan of Northern Zhou, Yang Jian who founded Sui, and Li Yuan who founded Tang were all from the Inner Mongolia region, specifically the frontier military clique of Wu-chengjin.
Among those who lived together in Wu-chengjin at the time were Li Hu (grandfather of Tang's founder Li Yuan) and Dugu Xin (獨孤新), the father-in-law of Yuwen Tai, founder of Northern Zhou. Yang Zhong, father of Sui’s founder Yang Jian, served as a general under Dugu Xin.
Several empresses came from the Dokgo clan. The Dokgo surname is widely recognized in China due to these Dugu empresses.
Before Yuwen Tai established Northern Zhou, Dugu Xin married his eldest daughter to Yuwen Tai’s eldest son (later Emperor Ming), making him the emperor’s father-in-law. His seventh daughter later became the wife of Emperor Wen, founder of the Sui dynasty-she is the famous Empress Wenxian (文獻皇后 獨孤伽羅, 543–602). After his death, Dugu Xin was posthumously honored as the father-in-law of the Sui emperor. His fourth daughter was the mother of Li Yuan, founder of the Tang dynasty, making Dugu Xin the maternal grandfather of the Tang emperor. In this way, the Dokgo clan occupied the highest echelons of Chinese society for a significant period (the family tree of the Dugu sisters is particularly fascinating). - wikipedia
Through the union of Han Chinese and Xianbei, the Dokgo clan contributed to the founding of three major dynasties. Conversely, through intermarriage and other relationships, the upper echelons of the Xianbei, including the Dokgo clan, were rapidly assimilated into Han society.
Today, the Dokgo surname has either been shortened to a single character or changed to the Liu (劉) surname, making it almost impossible to find in China. - wikipedia, baidu dictionary
As previously mentioned, there are currently about 500 people with the surname Dokgo in South Korea. According to the 1930 national census, over 90% of people with this surname lived in North Korea, suggesting that many Dokgo families may still reside there. However, North Korean statistics up to 2008 do not provide data by surname or bon-gwan. - North Korean Statistics
Before liberation, Dokgo families formed tight-knit communities in Uiju and Ryongchon, so it is likely that many still live in the border regions with China.
There are several Dokgo clans in Korea with different bon-gwan, but except for the Namwon Dokgo clan, the founders are not clearly identified. While it is certain that the Dokgo surname originated from the Xianbei, it is difficult to determine the exact progenitor. - Namwon Dokgo clan genealogy
Notable historical figures with the Dokgo surname in Korea include:
Modern notable figures include:
Besides Dokgo, surnames such as Mo, Seok, and Won are also believed to have originated from the Xianbei. - wikipedia
It is quite rare to encounter someone with the surname Dokgo. Despite being an uncommon surname, its distinctive two-character structure-like Seonu and Namgung-makes it well-known among Koreans. The surname Dokgo is perhaps more familiar due to the actor Dokgo Sung and his son Dokgo Young-jae (whose real name is Jeon Young-jae). According to Statistics Korea, as of 2015, there were 502 people with the surname Dokgo in South Korea. - Statistics Korea (Population by Surname and Bon-gwan, 5 or More People - Nationwide)
My curiosity about the origins of the Dokgo surname arose while reading the Travels of Marco Polo and searching for place names, where I happened to come across the familiar surname 獨孤 in the description of the region called Cathay. Here, I have compiled various sources on the Dokgo surname in no particular order, essentially documenting my search process.
During the European Middle Ages, there were place names such as Touba (Tuoba) and Cathay (Catai, Khitan) referring to northern China. These terms are associated with the Khitan people, with Tuoba referring to Tabgach (拓跋) and Cathay to Khitan (契丹). - Wikipedia
The Khitan were a branch of the Xianbei, and here is where the explanation of the Dokgo surname appears. - Wikipedia
Tuoba, also known as the Taugast or Tabgach (Tabgaç), was a clan of the Xianbei in ancient China.
The Xianbei (선비, 鮮卑) were a people who lived in northern China and Mongolia, considered proto-Mongols and one of the largest nomadic groups.
The history of the Xianbei is long, but regarding the period when the Dokgo surname was recorded, it is appropriate to look from the Three Kingdoms period. At the end of the Han dynasty, non-Han peoples grew in strength. As the Three Kingdoms era began, the kingdoms campaigned against these groups, but after Sima Yan unified the Three Kingdoms under Jin, non-Han peoples once again took control of northern China. This period is known as the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, during which non-Han dynasties were established one after another. The first to be founded was the Han of Liu Yuan of the Xiongnu, but Yan Min, a Han Chinese who established Wei, exploited anti-nomadic sentiment and massacred more than 200,000 non-Han people, weakening the power of groups like the Xiongnu.
Afterwards, the Xianbei Murong clan established Former Yan, absorbing Han Chinese aristocrats, and Fu Jian’s Former Qin also employed Han Chinese, accelerating the Xianbei’s sinicization. Many relationships were formed through intermarriage with prominent Han families. During Emperor Xiaowen’s reign, laws were enacted banning the use of the Xianbei language and nomadic surnames.
The Dokgo surname was recorded as 獨孤, a Chinese transliteration.
Change of Xianbei names to Han names
The change of Xianbei family names to Han names was part of a larger sinicization campaign. It was at its peak intensity under Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei dynasty in 496.
Background
To formalize sinification, a number of actions were taken prior to the name changes.
- In 493 the capital was moved to Luoyang, closer to the agricultural Han and away from the nomadic roots.
- In 494 nomadic style clothing were abandoned.
- In 495 nomadic languages at court were abandoned.
Among the influential Xianbei clans, there were eight noble surnames, one of which was Dokgo. - wikipedia
Most Xianbei clans adopted Han family names during the Northern Wei Dynasty. Below is a list of the Xianbei clans that are known to have been changed into Han family names.
The Northern Wei's Eight Noble Xianbei surnames were the Buliugu 步六孤, Helai 賀賴, Dugu 獨孤, Helou 賀樓, Huniu 忽忸, Qiumu 丘穆, Gexi 紇奚, and Yuchi 尉遲.
Through the Northern and Southern Dynasties, China was unified under the Sui, followed by the Tang. In terms of lineage, the ruling families of Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang were all from the same background. The power bases of the Yuwen clan of Northern Zhou, Yang Jian who founded Sui, and Li Yuan who founded Tang were all from the Inner Mongolia region, specifically the frontier military clique of Wu-chengjin.
Among those who lived together in Wu-chengjin at the time were Li Hu (grandfather of Tang's founder Li Yuan) and Dugu Xin (獨孤新), the father-in-law of Yuwen Tai, founder of Northern Zhou. Yang Zhong, father of Sui’s founder Yang Jian, served as a general under Dugu Xin.
Several empresses came from the Dokgo clan. The Dokgo surname is widely recognized in China due to these Dugu empresses.
Before Yuwen Tai established Northern Zhou, Dugu Xin married his eldest daughter to Yuwen Tai’s eldest son (later Emperor Ming), making him the emperor’s father-in-law. His seventh daughter later became the wife of Emperor Wen, founder of the Sui dynasty-she is the famous Empress Wenxian (文獻皇后 獨孤伽羅, 543–602). After his death, Dugu Xin was posthumously honored as the father-in-law of the Sui emperor. His fourth daughter was the mother of Li Yuan, founder of the Tang dynasty, making Dugu Xin the maternal grandfather of the Tang emperor. In this way, the Dokgo clan occupied the highest echelons of Chinese society for a significant period (the family tree of the Dugu sisters is particularly fascinating). - wikipedia
Dugu sisters
The Dugu sisters were part-Xianbei, part-Han Chinese sisters of the Dugu clan who lived in the Western Wei (535–557), Northern Zhou (557–581) and Sui (581–618) dynasties. All were daughters of the Western Wei general Dugu Xin. The eldest sister became a Northern Zhou empress, the seventh sister became a Sui dynasty empress, and the fourth sister was posthumously honored as an empress during the Tang dynasty(618–907). The seventh sister Dugu Qieluo, in particular, was one of the most influential women in Chinese history, owing to her closeness to her husband Yang Jian (Emperor Wen of Sui) throughout their 45-year monogamous marriage.
Through the union of Han Chinese and Xianbei, the Dokgo clan contributed to the founding of three major dynasties. Conversely, through intermarriage and other relationships, the upper echelons of the Xianbei, including the Dokgo clan, were rapidly assimilated into Han society.
Today, the Dokgo surname has either been shortened to a single character or changed to the Liu (劉) surname, making it almost impossible to find in China. - wikipedia, baidu dictionary
Dugu (獨孤) -> Liu (劉)
独孤一族为当时鲜卑贵族最显赫的八大姓之一 。现多简化为单字“独”姓或转化为刘姓。
As previously mentioned, there are currently about 500 people with the surname Dokgo in South Korea. According to the 1930 national census, over 90% of people with this surname lived in North Korea, suggesting that many Dokgo families may still reside there. However, North Korean statistics up to 2008 do not provide data by surname or bon-gwan. - North Korean Statistics
Before liberation, Dokgo families formed tight-knit communities in Uiju and Ryongchon, so it is likely that many still live in the border regions with China.
Dugu (獨孤) was a Chinese compound surname of Xianbei/Xiongnu origin. It is unclear if there are still Chinese people with the surname today, but there is a small Korean population (Namwon Dokgo clan) with this surname (pronounced Dokgo or Dokko (독고) in Korean) in North Korea, mainly in Ryongchon County and Uiju County near the Chinese border....
There are several Dokgo clans in Korea with different bon-gwan, but except for the Namwon Dokgo clan, the founders are not clearly identified. While it is certain that the Dokgo surname originated from the Xianbei, it is difficult to determine the exact progenitor. - Namwon Dokgo clan genealogy
Notable historical figures with the Dokgo surname in Korea include:
- Dokgo Chung (獨孤忠): Served as Hapmunjihou (閤門祗候) during the reign of King Myeongjong of Goryeo.
- Dokgo Rip (獨孤立): A military official in mid-Joseon who served as Gunja Gam Pankwan. During the Jeongmyo Horan, he defended the south gate of Uiju Fortress, killing many enemies from the ramparts. When arrows ran out, he engaged in hand-to-hand combat, reportedly killing over 100. Together with his father Dokgo Haeng, brother Dokgo Seong, and son Dokgo Su, he continued to resist until all died heroically in 1627 (the 5th year of King Injo). He was posthumously promoted to Hojo Chamui and is commemorated at Guamsa Shrine in Uiju, Pyeongan-do.
- Dokgo Seong (獨孤成, ? ~ 1627): Joseon military official.
- Dokgo Bi (獨孤柲): Joseon military official.
Modern notable figures include:
- Dokgo Junghun (獨孤重勳): Former president of Seonrin Sangsa.(Company)
- Dokgo Youngchang (獨孤英昌): Former professor at Korea University College of Medicine.
- Dokgo Yoon (獨孤潤): Professor at Ajou University School of Business.
- Dokgo Seok (獨孤晳): Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Dankook University.
Besides Dokgo, surnames such as Mo, Seok, and Won are also believed to have originated from the Xianbei. - wikipedia
The "Monguor" (Tu) people in modern China may have descended from the Xianbei who were led by Tuyuhun Khan to migrate westward and establish the Tuyuhun Kingdom (284-670) in the third century and Western Xia (1038–1227) through the thirteenth century.[21] Today they are primarily distributed in Qinghai and Gansu Province, and speak a Mongolic language.
The Xibe or "Xibo" people also believe they are descendants of the Xianbei, with considerable controversies that have attributed their origins to the Jurchens, the Elunchun, and the Xianbei.[22][23]
Xianbei descendants among the Korean population carry surnames such as Mo 모 Chinese: 慕; pinyin: mù; Wade–Giles: mu (shortened from Murong), Seok Sŏk Sek 석 Chinese: 石; pinyin: shí; Wade–Giles: shih (shortened from Wushilan 烏石蘭, Won Wŏn 원 Chinese: 元; pinyin: yuán; Wade–Giles: yüan (the adopted Chinese surname of the Tuoba), Dokgo 독고 Chinese: 獨孤; pinyin: Dúgū; Wade–Giles: Tuku (from Dugu).
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